하남길NamGilHa , 박영호YoungHoPark

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Abstract

Key Words

Sport, power and society, korean sports movement

김동규DongKyooKim , 구강본KangBonGoo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the current application and evolution of neo-liberalism that becomes a ideologic basis of recent Korean education, and also intends to expose questions around school physical education and address the corresponding challenges. As our domestic educational sections become reorganized according to the logics of market economics, the noe-liberalism becomes a foundation of a series of recent Korean educational reforms, because it essentially aims to relieve or weaken the governmental responsibility for national education and the educational right of nation current neo-liberalistic education tends to commercialize and interpret elite sport mainly according to economic logics, while neglecting moral or ethical aspects around physical education fields. it is critical that we should recognize that our desires for the movement or motional activities as an internal value of physical education cannot be met exclusively by means of money or other corresponding incentives. Obviously, it is vain and time-consuming to discuss the evaluation of such motional desires by economic logics. Physical education as a whole person education based on a harmony between physique knowledge and virtue can be implemented by certain experiences and direct practices, so it is very different from the labor manpower under the market principles. Neo-liberalism has also both limitation and efficiency in terms of essential aspects or practical phase. As a matter of fact, noe-liberalism has brought us a remarkable success in the economic, cultural and social level, so that our nation could meet advanced internationalization along with globalization. However, we must neither consider students around educational fields as a demand, nor induce them to toughly competitive grounds even at the cost of our education under the justification of so called `globalization` Of course, it is also necessary to reset the directions of elite sport around school physical education without forgetting the essence of school elite sport.

Key Words

Neo-liberalism, physical education, elite sport

김석희SeokHeeKim , 김정명JeongMyungGim

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Abstract

The purpose of the study was to provide the strategic and basic data to encourage the proliferation of sports mania for each sport through the exploration of the spreading process of soccer mania. In order to fulfill the purpose of the study, this study presented three research questions: first, what would be the background of proliferation of the soccer mania?; second, what would be the proliferation process of the soccer mania and its characteristics?; what would be the range of applicability of the results from the first and second questions? Such qualitative methodologies as literature review and document analysis, participatory observation, and in-depth interviews were employed for this study. The result of the analysis showed that the proliferating process of soccer mania was various. That is, the soccer game itself, the culture of soccer, the culture of mania, and the cultural characteristics of Korean society were the direct and indirect background for the proliferation of soccer mania. Specifically, `Red Devils` and its fan characteristics were recognized not only as a direct path for the proliferation of the soccer mania but also as a medium for positively representing the Korea`s unique soccer culture. But the study on the spectators` behaviors of each soccer team showed that some of them had become `Hooliganized` due to their excessive interest in soccer game. Though they were much interested in soccer game, the proliferation of the soccer mania was relatively sluggish. The reason was that there had been a lack of `continuation` which was defined as one of the factor for the categories of mania. It was an unsurprising result and the problems due to the fact that sports had not had a strong socio-cultural basis as a part of our life. These kinds of problems which had been existed in sports had not had a strong socio-cultural basis as a part of our life. These kinds of problems which had been existed in sports in general and soccer in particular were the phenomenon beyond sport itself and were connected to every part of our society. Also these problems were the important factors which destructively affect on the proliferation of soccer mania. Therefore, in order to solve these kinds of problems, sport fields and the others should have a common ground to help each other. The possibility of transfer from soccer mania into sports mania was derived from the solving process for the problems above mentioned. In the discussion from this study, In Conclusion, if sportsmen want to spread sports mania more widely under the present situation, these following practical strategies should be adopted: first, withdrawal of the sense of privilege; second, inspiring the sense of responsibility as `Sports messengers`; third, the conversion of thoughts that sport is one of the service-related occupation.

Key Words

Sports mania, soccer mania

송형석HyeongSeokSong

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Abstract

This paper is based upon the assumption that our current interest in and understanding of the body are consequences of the profound and long term transformation of modern post-industrial societies. These social and cultural changes can be summarized as follows : the change of the academical interest from a-somatic to somatic, the political impact of the women`s movement, the greying of the human population, the change in demographic structures of societies, the epistemological change on the body, and the development of the body-control technology. The human body therefore has become a focus of much social science and humanities research as consequence of these macro changes in the academical, social, economic and legal status of human embodiment in a society of rapidly expanding technology.

Key Words

Body, human body, social change

이재봉JaeBongLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine and explore the aesthetic aspects of Taekwondo demonstration by focusing on formal beauty of physical activity. Based on ‘the beauty of form of Huchaoming’s physical activity’(1992), the results of this study were as follows: 1. In a Taekwondo demonstration, beauty of uniformity has been made through basic movements, total movements, one-time sparring, and poomsae with regular order. Taekwondo blow demonstration which has balanced and comfortable actions makes us feel the symmetrical beauty. 2. In Taekwondo blow demonstration, people with a small body have a strong point of showing a rapid and complicated blow performance. On the contrary, people with a big body structure have an advantage of performing 1arge-dimension unit action. The jumping blows with the same difficulty level didn’t have the beauty of symmetry, but it did have the beauty of balance for the audience. 3. During a Taekwondo blow demonstration where a variety of actions are made in many different situations such as from a short or long distance, in a higher or lower position in the air, in a straight line or circle and with a single blow or many consecutive blows, it has revealed the contrastive beauty among each action and the beauty of harmony is also exposed in various actions. 4. In a Taekwondo demonstration, the jumping blow divides into one-time blow and several-time blow, it exposes the gradation beauty according to the degree of difficulty. It has revealed the curved-line beauty by performing dolgae kicks, jump turning kicks, and small and big movements of the body. The curved-line beauty has been revealed during the Taekwondo demonstration, especially it is frequently shown in a jump blow. 5. In the Taekwondo demonstration, the basic united action should catch the flow of rhythm. It is important for practitioners to perform the basic united action excellently to show the rhythmical beauty. In conclusion, the most important thing in a Taekwondo demonstration is that artistic expression should be pursued by focusing on an aesthetical beauty considered as aesthetic category. 6. Taekwondo demonstration has lots of factors to verify the logical bases of the Huchaoming’s formal beauty of excercise. Therefore using them as the standards of evaluation for Taekwondo demonstrations or competitions would bring about more artistic performance and also can be used as detailed norms for aesthetic assessment. 7. In the future any aesthetic study related with Taekwondo will be of much value, especially if it is done from a purely aesthetic viewpoint on other aesthetic categories than Huchaoming’s formal beauty of excercise.

Key Words

Aesthetical, taekwondo

조쟁규JaengKyuCho

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Abstract

This study has reached the following result after examining school physical education in esthetic view of sport in order to establish esthetic structure of understanding. 1. Various sport events are closely related with the art as there exists esthetic situation widely in sport activities. Sports as the art show the possibility of sport esthetic education for the formation of wholeman personality as the esthetic experience would provides rich creative activity of art. 2. The principles of esthetic education in sports are; 1) Contents analysis and appreciation ability of athletic beauty shall be united. 2) Emotional experience and moral judgement shall be united. 3) Initiative guidance of the teacher and voluntary participation of the student shall be well united. 3) Initiative guidance of the teacher and voluntary participation of the student shall be well united. The duty is to elevate the view and ability of esthetics and cultivate the ability and creative power by understanding the beauty. 3. Sport esthetics makes the sport identity firm by being applied to the sport curriculum as the below; 1) The goal of school physical education shall be establishing identity and cultivating humanity as the education of the experience based on esthetic expression of human which can be experienced in the course of physical activities. 2) Curriculum shall be made to have the contents which can produce the human beauty. 3) As the ways of teaching, the teacher shall teach the students in ways to cultivate individual intuitive reaction as the observers, esthetic ability and virtue of speech and behavior on the beauty. 4) In evaluation of school physical education technical beauty of the sport itself, social moral beauty through sports activities, expressing beauty of the will, and the beauty of watching the games. Actually in performing the sports we shall evaluate if the students have been learning the ability and attitude of expressing their thought and feeling creatively, positively, and beautifully to the higher abstract thought through esthetic experience of human movement.

Key Words

Sport esthetic education, esthetic experience of human movement

강신욱ShinWookKang

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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to survey the actual condition of activities related to exercise to problems. 149 athletic coaches were selected from 18 sports items using proportional stratified cluster sampling method from January to February, 2003. Actual condition related to athletes and athletic clubs was surveyed by the items designed by the researcher. Results of data analyses revealed that; 1. Exercise time per day is about 4∼6 hours, exercise frequency per week is about 6 days, camp exercise frequency per year is about 72 days(elementary school), 61 days(junior school), 169 days(high school), and 158 days(universities), and participation frequency in athletic contest is about 4∼6 times. Injured athletes were treated by rest cure and exercise, and most coaches think that exercise time per day is moderate. 2. Attending lesson time per day is about 4 hours, academic loss due to exercise was not supplemented, adult`s interest in athlete`s academic work is above moderate, and primary factor of academic neglect is just athlete. 3. Most athletes were recruited by the scouts, school supports management expenses of athletic club, also parents supports them, too. School forces a dropout to study hard, and coaches think that the most precedent solving task is the stability of coach`s socio-economic status for the club.

Key Words

Exercise, academic performance, management of school athletic club

김민섭MinSupKim , 김영미YoungMeeKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the influence of sports environment factors on dropouts from the life sports programs. In this study personal traits, personal environments factors for participation in sports programs, satisfaction factors of schloarly, social, and educational sports environment are processed to test whether or not they influence on participation in sports programs and dropping out of them and to find out how much power of influence one factor has over the others. The subjects were 666 adults who had ever enrolled in 10 centers of sports for all located in Seoul, Taejeon, Kyoungki Province and Chungnam Province by using mail questionnaire method. The questionnaire consists of 36 questions, of which reliability and validity were already tested. Multiple regression analysis method were used in order to solve problems of the study. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as follows; 1. Age(＋) has influences on exercise dropouts. 2. Exercise cost recognition(-), conflict between occupation and exercise(-), and perceived exercise ability(-) have influences on exercise dropouts. 3. Exercise atmosphere(-) and skill development(-) have influences on exercise dropouts. 4. Familarity with instructors and colleagues(-) have influences on exercise dropouts. 5. Exercise class size(-), and exercise program managing flexibility(-) have influences on exercise dropouts. In conclusions, optimal exercise cost and better atmosphere of exercise programs cause people to consistently participate in the exercise programs. It is also important to make them feel pleasant in exercise programs with more familarity with colleagues and instructors

Key Words

Sports environment factors, dropouts, lifelong sports program

김영미YoungMeeKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to find out the influences of dancesports participation on stress and psychological well-being of housewives. Research hypotheses and casual model were designed, based on the previous studies and theories. Age, social-demographic factor and subjective health perception were set as background variables, dancesports participation as independent variables, stress as an intervening variable, and psychological well-being as a dependent variable. Cluster random sampling was use to select 388 subjects of this study who consist of 200 dancesports participants from sports center or public facilities and 188 non-participants in Daejon and Chungnam. Data were collected by using the questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested. T-test, regression analysis, and path analysis method were also used in order to test the hypotheses. Each hypothesis was tested at the signigicant level of .05. On the basis of the results, the conclusions were drawn as following; 1. Dancesports participants have less stress and higher psychological well-being than non-participants. 2. There is no significant difference between single and with husband dancesports participation. 3. The younger age, the higher frequence of dancesports participation. And income has a positive influence on frequence and duration of dancesports participation. 4. There is no significant difference between dancesports participation and stress 5. Frequency of dancesports participation has a positive influence on psychological well-being. 6. There are significant causal relationships among dancesports participation, stress, and psychological well-being.

Key Words

Dancesports participation stress psychological well-being

남승구SeungGuNam , 김동민DongMinKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship social support, perceived ability and goal orientation of gymnasts. For accomplishing these purposes, middle and high school, college gymnasts who registered at Korea Gymnastic Association were chosen as population, and 132 subjects were selected using the cluster random sampling method from Seoul and Kyunggi-Do. The data for the study were collected through the survey questionnaires, social support scale was developed by Cohen and Hoberman(1983) and standardized in Korean language by Moon(1988). Perceived ability scale was developed by Mahoney(1988) and standardized in Korean language by Lee(1998) and goal orientation scale was developed by Nicholls and Duda(1989) and standardized in Korean language by Seong(1994). The statistical methods utilized were standard multiple regression analysis and path analysis. The conclusions of this study were obtained as follows; First, the social support of gymnasts influences on the perceived ability. In detail, the higher self-esteem support of gymnasts, the higher perceived ability. Second, the social support of gymnasts influences on the goal orientation. In detail, the higher evaluation support of social support, the higher self commitments, and the higher self-esteem support of social support, the higher assignment commitments. Third, the perceived ability according to the social support of gymnasts influenced on the goal orientation. Lastly, the social support of gymnasts increases goal orientation. That is the goal orientation have an direct effects by social support of gymnasts and indirect effects by perceived ability.

Key Words

social support, perceived ability goal orientation gymnasts

서희진HeeJinSeo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore relationships among sport participation, peer relations, and deviant behaviors in youth. The subjects of this study were sampled 623 middle and high school students who lived in Seoul using stratified cluster random sampling and PPS(probability porportionate to size) method. The survey questionnaire were used to collect data. The questionnaire for sport participation Scale developed by the National Council of Sport for All(1997)’s scale related to sport participation degree and Index of Peer Relation(IPR) developed by Hudson(1992), and Deviant Behavior Scale for student by Kim(1997). To analyze the data, descriptive, analysis of covariance, multiple correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used in this study. Based on the procedures and results, the following conclusions were obtained: First, the sport participant group are lower than the non sport participant group on the resistance of social value and potential deviant disposition. Second, the degree of sport participation is positive influence on the peer relation and deviant behavior. More specifically, the duration and intensity of sport participation reduce to disposition of peer relation problem. And also, the duration and frequency of sport participation reduce to deviant behavior disposition such as, imitation of adult behavior, resistance of social values, distortion of sexual consciousness.

Key Words

Sport participation, peer relation, deviant behavior

이강우KangWooLee

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Abstract

The Purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of sports activities participation as an alternative in preventing violence behavior in Juvenile. It specifically discusses what relation juvenile sports activities participation has with violence behavior and what it influences. The study conducted on the subjects 388 male·female high school students in Seoul, and is conducted questionnaire by Revised juvenile violence behavior of Yeom Young Ok(1999) and Sports Activities types of Kenyon(1966), Han Tae Yong(1996), Nam Sun Min(1997), Kim Sun Kwan(1998) used as tools. The statistical method used for the analysis of this study Pearson’s Correlation, t-test, ANOVA, Multiple Regression with SPSS/PC＋10.0 Version for Windows. The results of this study are as Follows, First, There was significant difference according to sex on sports activities participation level(ordinary participation and periodical participation) and violence behavior. Second, There was no correlation according to sports activities participation level(ordinary participation and periodical participation) and violence behavior. Third, Sports activities participation types(behavioral participation and affective participation), sports activities participation level(ordinary participation) and violence behavior was significant difference according on Sex. Therefore, through the result of this study, it is considered that juveniles’ sport participation can be a positive function used for reducing and preventing juvenile violence behavior in aspects of juvenile welfare and juvenile problem solving.

Key Words

sports participation, violence behavior

이창섭ChangSeopLee , 남상우SangWooNam

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire for finding some enjoyment sources and worry sources experienced by middle school students in physical education class. For this study, 540 middle school students responded to the sources of enjoyment and worry. To analyze the results, factor analysis was used on SPSS window version 10.0. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1. Five major enjoyment factors were shown through the results of factor analysis on 17 questions of Physical education Enjoyment Source Questionnaire of Middle chool(PCESQM). The enjoyment factors were「keeping health in physical & psychological aspect」, 「achievement through the competition」, 「easiness」, 「free to class」, and 「sociality promotion」. 2. Six major worry factors were decided from the results of factor analysis on 24 questions of Physical education Worry Source Questionnaire of Middle School(PCWSQM). The worry factors were「worry about events」, 「worry about readiness of physical education class」, 「worry about class circumstance」, 「worry about physical performance」, 「worry about punishment」, and「worry about trouble in class」.

Key Words

enjoyment worry, PCESQM, PCWSQM

최길례KilRyeChoi

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyze the in-depth influence of family leisure activity on emotional dynamics, considering the interactions between parent couple and among parents and their children. For this purpose, 400 students from universities located in the Seoul area were chosen as target samples through stratified cluster random sampling. The data, composed of questions related to type of leisure activity, leisure motivation, emotional dynamics were analyzed by such statistical analysis as one-way analysis of variance, simple and multiple regression analysis through SPSS Win program ver. 10.0. The findings of this study are as follows: Types of leisure and leisure motivation have a positive influence on emotional dynamics between the father and mother and among them and their children. In particular, when the family likes to join in home-oriented leisure activity, family differentiation level is high. In home-oriented activity and physical leisure activity, intellectual motivation has positive influence on family differentiation level such that emotional dynamics appears high.

Key Words

family leisure activity emotional dynamics

최병호BeungHoChoi

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Abstract

Categorized, exaggerated and premised verbal signs tend to be used the most in daily sports news and international sports event news. The 3 main broadcasting stations show a similar tendency. The exaggerated verbal signs related to military, victory or commercialism are deepened the most in pro-sports news about soccer, basketball, baseball and golf game. The categorized verbal signs related to the nationalism are deepened in Japan related news, and Military-categorized verbal signs are used very frequently in various types. Sports tends to be interpreted as a form of war not as a competition in good faith. The contents or results of a game are characterized as terms like soldier, battlefield, weapon, military operation, confrontation and illegal action etc. As for the commerce-categorized verbal sign, the level of type or frequency is low, but such an expression appears that means `victory in sports is nothing but money`. Depending on the result of a game, the verbal expression becomes extremely different ; in case of victory, brilliant expressions are predominant, athletes highly praised ; in case of defeat, negative expressions are overwhelming, athletes or team extremely criticized. As for the nationalism-categorized verbal sign, a lot of Japan-related colonial, ideological expressions were selected. Native Korean verbal sign is used mostly for athletes` nickname. Dialect or provincial accent is also selected, though not so many.

Key Words

TV sport news, category verbal sign

구봉진BongJinKoo

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to discuss the changing degree of competitive state anxiety, self-efficacy, and psychological skills when the Cognitive Rational Restructuring Program(CRRP) was applied to shooters, 60 shooters were sampled and randomly assigned into two groups of 30 shooter with control and experimental groups each. Questionnaires were conducted four times with 3-week intervals. Two-way covariate analysis was conducted to analysis the collected data. CRRP used as independent variable and competitive state anxiety, self-efficacy as dependent variables. The implications of this study are as follows; Result that cognitive state anxiety was lower in experimental group of both male and females as compared with control group as a result of the application of CRRP. Somatic state anxiety was lower in experimental group of both male and females as compared with control group after the experiment. Self-efficacy higher in experimental group of both male and females as compared with control group as a result of the application of CRRP. It may be concluded that the application of CRRP resulted in the decrease of competitive anxiety, improvement of self-efficacy, and the positive change of psychological skills in the shooters.

Key Words

cognitive rational restructuring program, competitive state anxity, self efficacy

문두환DooHwanMoon , 정상택SangTackChung , 김진구JinGuKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of self-controlled feedback on the performance and learning of a golf putting task. Thirty-six high school student (36 females) whose ages range from 16 to 18 years (M = 17.9) participated in this experiment. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: (1) self-controlled group(n=12), (2) yoked group(n=12), (3) control group(n=12). Subjects performed 40 acquisition trials followed by 20 retention trials. ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed on the various dependent variables; absolute error(AE), variable error(VE), directional error(DE), and radial error(RE). The results of this investigation revealed significant main effects for Groups and Times on the absolute error(AE), variable error(VE), and radial error(RE) in the acquisition phase. Participants in the self-controlled performance feedback condition performed significantly better than the other groups in the radial error(RE). Analysis suggests that a feedback schedule which is controlled by the learner may be a more effective means of delivering augmented feedback than other schedules which have been examined.

Key Words

self-controlled feedback, self-regulation

이규환KyuHwanLee , 이동현DongHyunLee , 심향보HyangHoSim , 유재천JaeChunYoo , 송우엽WooYeobSong

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find out whether psychological skills (concentration, imagery, goal-setting, routine, confidence, etc.) effect golf performance of Australian amateur golfers according to different handicap. There were a total of 191 respondents to the questionnaire (153 male ; 38 female). The golfers ranged from a handicap of 3 to 36. The Golf Psychology Questionnaire (GPQ) was developed based on questions from the MTE-1 (Partington & Orlick, 1998). It was designed to determine the level of mental strength of golfers, as well as the extent to which golfers practiced certain mental skills. As expected, low handicappers rated higher on mental skill factors. More advanced players were more confident with club selection, able to focus on one shot at a time, mentally rehearse each shot more, visualize their putting stroke and the ball going in the hall, as well as use more pre-shot routine, than higher handicap players. Higher handicappers were more frustrated by a poor start and tend to feel more anxious before hitting off the first tee. Many beginners, intermediate or even advanced level golfers have lessons to improve their techniques. Coaches or teaching professional golfers can help with the physical aspects of the game, but are less able to instruct a golfer adequately on psychological matters. PGA Tour Professional have started to realize this, and may now consultant a sport psychologist. Therefore, developing psychological skills in golf are critical factors to reach one`s potential and peak performance.

Key Words

Concentration, imagery, routine, confidence, handicap

이동수DongSooLee , 권판근PanKuenKwon

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships of leisure activity types, leisure satisfaction, leisure involvement and solitude. This study utilized random sampling on the subjects of residents in Gyeongnam Province who are over 65 years old, 408 male, 432 female, and total 840. Data was collected by interview(1 to 1 interview method) accompanied by survey questionnaires. Data was analyzed by employing SPSS 10.0 for Windows, T test, One-way ANOVA and AMOS 4.0. Four conclusions were drawn, based on the research methods and procedures. First, the major types of leisure activities according to demographic characteristics were sports·fitness activities, hobby·cultural activities, and entertainment·social activities. The types did not have any difference with or without spouse. There were differences in the leisure types according to the other general characteristics. Second, among the demographic characteristics of the elderly, there were statistically significant differences in subjective health, satisfaction for allowance, and preparation for the elderly years. The elderly who were participated in leisure activities. Third, the subjects had the highest leisure satisfaction and leisure involvement in the sports·fitness activities. In terms of solitude they had the highest perception for the hobby·cultural activities. The elderly who are participated in sports·fitness activities, and entertainment·social activities had low perception for solitude. Fourth, in terms of the correlations of leisure activity types, leisure satisfaction, leisure involvement and solitude, leisure involvement and solitude, there was a positive linear correlation between leisure satisfaction and leisure involvement. There was a relatively high negative linear correlation between leisure satisfaction and solitude. There was a low negative linear correlation between leisure involvement and solitude.

Key Words

leisure satisfaction, solitude, hobby, cultural activities

이용인YongInLee , 윤대현DaeHyunYun

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of goal difficulty on the motor learning and performance. Fifty seven male high school students practiced soccer lifting task for 3 weeks. They were divided into four groups and assigned soccer lifting task according to the different level of goal difficulty : easy goal, difficult but attainable goal, and "do your best" condition. The findings of this study were as follows : 1) Significant difference was found among 4 groups according to process of soccer lifting task. 2) Significant difference was not found between Goal setting group and non - Goal setting group for the skill development in soccer lifting task. 3) Significant difference was found in soccer lifting task according to Goal difficulty level. 4) Reversed - U curve was shown between Goal difficulty level and soccer lifting task.

Key Words

goal setting, goal difficulty, soccer lifting

정구인KooInJung

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Abstract

It is not easy for the learners to obtain the helpful information about the task. If we can find some specific information and inquire the methods to deal with the cues, we are able to offer a lot of information to them now under a training program. Therefore, we need to offer such information directly and definitely to distinguish the differences of task, so that the learners can correct the errors. The purpose of this study is the understanding of the differences of the effects on the improvement of the learners’ observational training, which comes from the observational training. The subjects were the 80 college male students who took the gymnasium classes for 12 weeks. The two types of contents of the class are the ‘neck spring’ (NS) and the ‘head spring’ (HS). The pretest is done after administering the same contents for the purpose of both understanding conception and detecting errors in the contents analysis. Thus, after subject’s observational training, t-test was utilized to determine the differences of the learner’s detecting ability. The rates of detecting errors of the experimental group is outstandingly higher than those of the control group on both classes: NS and HS. After the experimental group was trained for the conceptional understanding of the study subject, pretest and posttest were given to both groups. The results of this study indicate that the observation training had highly positive impact on the development of the learner’s detecting ability.

Key Words

observational training, detecting ability

홍준희JunHeeHong

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Abstract

This study was an attempt to analyzed the name of `condition` construct for the basis of development of sport condition inventory in korea. A total of 162 athletes in individual and team sports(106 males, 56 females) responded to open-ended questions designed to examine the concept of condition ①what do you think about of condition?②what do you think about good condition and bad condition?③what kind of strategies do you used for the purpose of enhancing the condition?④How do you think about the effect of condition on performance?). Content-analyses of concept of condition resulted that athletes were perceived condition as physical and mood states to effectively arise the one`s skills. Content-analyses of good and bad condition resulted in 17 first-order, 4 second-order. The second-order themes included (a) physical condition (b) mental condition (c) social condition (d) others. Content-analysis of strategies of condition management resulted in 12 first-order, 5 second-order. The second-order themes included (a) physical management (b) mental management (c) social management (d) behavioral management (e) others. and most of athletes were perceived the big effect of condition on performance. Oveall, the resultes revealed that Korean athletes used a wide range of condition-management strategies, ranging from physical management to social management. The findings were discussed in terms of cultural uniqueness of condition management strategies and the extension of the development of sport condition iventory

Key Words

sport condition, content-analyses, condition-management strategies

김선희SunHeeKim , 김경숙KyungSookKim

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find out the perception of student for physical education(PE) major. The sample consisted of 280 students who were junior and senior college students in division of PE. The data was collected by survey and analyzed through frequency and χ²-test. The results showed that most of the PE major students decided on their major in high school and entered by their hope. It was revealed that they were satisfied on their selection, and their specific major area. However, some of students decided to enter university without previous knowledge about any informations. It was found that students expected various field experience-based education, warm relationship, and understanding of students from faculties. In the future career, they wanted to become a PE teacher and serve on PE related area, but few of them who didn`t satisfied with their major couldn’t decided on their career.

Key Words

Division system, physical education major

김지백JeBackKim , 신영길YeongGilShin

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Abstract

This dissertation is based on a detailed study of definitions of Physical Education(P.E. hereafter) curriculum in each revision. Here, I have searched for the different styles in the way P.E. curriculum was defined, and analyzed such definitions for each revision. Above analysis was classified to three core concepts, i.e. key factors in P.E., factors related to P.E., and curricular factors. Generic concepts and specific concepts were then extracted to state the definition of P.E. for each revision in accordance with the styles it was defined, which is the purpose of this study. Especially, in this study, emphasis was laid on how the core conceptes of P.E(key factors in P.E., factors related to P.E., and curricular factors) were reflected on the definition of each revision.

Key Words

key factors in P.E, factors related to P.E, and curricular factors, general concept, specific concept

박종률JongLyulPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the high school students’ recognition on sportsmanship and to investigate the possibility of their recognition change on the sportsmanship through physical education. For this study, four male technical high school students in Chung-buk were selected by Purposeful Sampling and were observed for 15weeks. Without being applied for 3weeks, the teaching strategy was applied for 12weeks after that to investigate the recognition change on sportsmanship before and after being applied the teaching strategy, through educational enthnography. Before being applied the teaching strategy, the recognition on sportsmanship was summarized as follows. ‘closeness(closed recognition)’ based on understanding that a certain player or a certain situation was judged on the defined behavior criteria, ‘emotional understanding’ based on emotional standard, ‘others-oriented recognition’ based on others estimation and concern, ‘focus on the form of the statement’ After being applied the teaching strategy, the recognition on sportsmanship was summarized as follows, the students’ recognition changed to daily life ethics and rational understanding by moral behavior criteria. And students came to have self-oriented concerning about the value of sportsmanship and to emphasis on the meaning of estimation on stating for sportsmanship

Key Words

sportsmanship, recognition, teaching strategy

이충원ChoongWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the lesson strategies of middle schools’ physical education(PE) teachers on the coeducational class. Five PE teachers’(2 males and 3 females) classes in 3 middle schools are observed. In-depth interviews with that PE teachers are used to collect relevant data. The collected data are analyzed by the case analysis and inductive categorical analysis. The results of the study are followed. First, lesson strategy of PE teachers on the instructional objectives is ‘downward equalization’ falling down the qualitative level of the instructional aim. Second, lesson strategy on the instructional contents is ‘superficiality’ not performing the instructional contents faithfully. Third, lesson strategy on the teaching methods is ‘together and separately’. It includes ‘teaching method of separation’ that schoolboys and schoolgirls act separately in same class, and ‘teaching method of two times instruction’ that the teacher teaches schoolboys/schoolgirls after teaching schoolboys/schoolgirls. Finally, assessment strategy on the co-educational class is ‘another separation once more’ that the teacher assesses schoolboys and schoolgirls separately.

Key Words

lesson strategy, coeducational class lessons

최관용KwanYongChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to analyze the reasons for the athletes of high school of athletics to quit their career halfway. In this study we applied Questionnaires to total 364 11th graders of high school of athletics in 5 special municipality cities and megalopolises. Descriptive analysis and chi-square were used to analyze the collected data. The result of the analysis of this study was as follows. First, hard training, stagnant elevation of physical exercise ability, unadaptable athletes` group life, injuries, teachers` inefficient teaching behaviors, etc. were the reasons for the athletes of high school of athletics to quit their careers. Second, as for the reasons for the athletes to quit their careers, significant differences in the events and the level of performance were found, but no differences between body and girls.

Key Words

quit their careers, high school of athletics

김홍설HongSeolKim , 조민행MinHaengCho , 전용배YongBaeJeon

DOI:

Abstract

This study was tested: (1) at similar levels of involvement (high or low), males would be discriminated from females by significant others; (2) value toward sport would discriminated between high-and low-involved males and females; (3) for high levels of involvement, fathers would be the most discriminating variable for both males and females. 396 subjects, ages 12 to 13 years, were randomly selected based on the multi-staged cluster sampling technique and 370 youths responded to a fixed-alternative questionnaire which examined the influences of mothers, fathers, sisters, and brothers on the sport involvement of males and females. Within-sex discriminant analyses revealed fathers as predominant socializing agents for high-involved males, while all agents discriminated between high and low females. Between-sex discriminant analyses revealed significant differences only for high-involved males and females. Results were discussed in terms of early parental socialization practices and the encouragement necessary to increase sport involvement, particularly for females.

Key Words

youths, sport participation, influence

박진기JinKeePark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for more successful management of defector customers by fitness club through data mining, by seeking defection-based customer segment for fitness club monthly members and forecasting the probabilities of defection. SPSS Clementine’s C5.0 decision-making tree analysis, a data mining tool, was utilized to explore defection-based customer segment by fitness club and examine the defection probabilities. The findings of this study were as below. First, as a result of exploring defection-based customer segment, the parents node was composed of age, and the sibling node was constituted by job and complaint behavior. And the important variables to shape the children node were word-of-mouth marketing intention, facility satisfaction, marital status, repurchase intention, car ownership, leader satisfaction, presence or absence of test-taker child for college admission, and program satisfaction. Second, concerning the predictive values versus real ones, the model design data made an accurate prediction by 86.6% for the staying customers and 93.2% for the defector customer. Therefore, they had an outstanding predictive ability. The above-mentioned findings suggested that there was significant gap in the defection-based segment variables, and that the defection probability was predicted very well. Specifically, the defection prediction by data partition appeared to be very highly reliable and valid. Accordingly, it’s ascertained that customer segment by utilizing existing customer information is able to find out the defection trend, and that data mining is applicable to the sports market as part of retention marketing that could lower the defection rate, and as a way to formulate marketing strategy or marketing activity to cater to the actual needs of the market.

Key Words

Data mining, segmentation defection, prediction

신대철DaeChurlShin , 김종욱JongWookKim , 김현식HyunSikKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance forming factors of the national representative cycle athletes. To accomplish the purpose of this study, the qualitative case study was utilized seven national representative cycle coaches and athletes(three coaches, four athletes), and the materials of the study were collected through the in-depth interviews and literature reviews. The collected materials were analyzed by using the encoding and inductive category analysis, and the reliability, propriety and morality of the study were ascertained. The performance forming factors of the national reliance and belief factors.

Key Words

performance forming factors, cycle athletes

정유진YouJinJung , 김장환JangHwanKim , 유재원JaeWonYoo

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims to provide basic data which can attribute to the development of dancesports by considering popularization process of dancesports the internet. For the goal of this study, the news articles related to dancesports were collected through the Internet homepage of four major newspaper publishing companies, the researcher classified tern three times by the newspaper companies, by year, by types of articles, and also surveyed existing state. The results of this study and data analysis are as following that: First, as for the total number of the articles by the newspaper companies, Donga Ilbo(283) is the top and it is showed in order of Chosun Ilbo(253), Hankook Hbo(191) and Joongang Ilbo(137). Second, as for the number of the articles by year, it is showed like 1998(57), 1999(96), 2000(243), 2001(218), 2002 (132). Third, as for the number of the articles by type, the article about the course is the top and it is followed by the articles about exhibitions, circles, international festivals, character of dancesports, and the rest. After these things, the articles about films, dance, TV programs, art festivals, cable broadcasts and telecomnuinications satellite are mainly dealt with. Regarding all these things, it is considered that the newspaper companies attracted larger number of people offering information on dancesports courses, places and exhibitions to them, and also it is considered that there were huge effort of interested persons in dancesports. Moreover, increase of the articles related to dancesports in the late 1990s and in 2000 was due to the 1998 Bangkok Asian Game, the 2000 Sidney Olympics and popularity of "Shall We Dance", therefore negative and illegal academic institute were clanged into legal circles or social education center course, so that the people could change their understanding on dancesports

Key Words

mass media, dancesports, popularize

권문배MunBaeKwon , 류명란MyungLanRye

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to analyze the effect on the relationship between perceived value of leisure product and/or service and leisure involvement. The concept of involvement had a great attention by leisure researchers in recent years. The construct of perceived value has been identified as one of the most important measures and argued to be the most important indicator of repurchase intentions. In this respect, this study investigated the relationship between perceived value of leisure products and/or service and leisure involvement. Of 454 respondents in the study, 424 subjects were selected by using convenience sampling method and analyzed through the SPSS(ver11.0) program. The results of the study are as follows : 1)In regard to the characteristics of the subjects, occupation and experience had a significant difference in Pleasure factor, occupation had a significant difference in Risk factor on leisure involvement, occupation, experience, onetime expense had each significant difference in Reputation factor, Emotional response factor, Quality factor in perceived values, 2)There were significant correlations between leisure involvement and perceived value factors, 3)Based on the results, pleasure had a positive effect on Emotional response and Quality factor, Risk had a negative effect on Reputation factor and Sign had an effect on Monetary price factor.

Key Words

leisure involvement, perceived value

김지연JeeYounKim , 변원태WonTaeByun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate patterns of employees` leisure activities that link to effects of a variety of leisure activities in the employees on job satisfaction. The subjects were 450 women and men, randomly selected from among white-collar occupations. Their ages ranged from 20 to 36years, the self-report questionnaire used. The methods for translating data were SPASS/PC＋7.52 version for window and research method were reliability analysis, ANOVA, test-retest analysis, multiple classification, and multiple regression. 1) Analysis on patterns of leisure activities by population statistics peculiarity Gender difference occur in response to interested leisure activities in that males were more likely than females to do physical activities such as sports, whereas females were more interested in educational or artistic event than males. Viewing and appreciation, for instance watching movies, was the common interest in both females and males. 2) The effects of leisure activities on job satisfaction The research found that effects were varied by gender and average income differences among employees and playing games and travel or excursion result in positive effects on job satisfaction.

Key Words

a variety of leisure activities, job satisfation

김성희SungHeeKim , 이철원ChulWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors of leisure motivation, leisure constraint and to present an alternative plan by analyzing leisure constraint according to leisure motivation of urban worker. The subjects of this study were 416 urban workers lived in Seoul. Research method used to this study were questionaries which measured demographic variable, leisure motivation and leisure constraint. The results were as follows : Firstly, there were statistically significant difference in competence-cognitive motivation according to sex in results of analyzing leisure motivation according to demographic variable. Also, there were statistically significant difference in intellectual motivation according to age, marriage yes or no, children yes or no and there were statistically significant difference in physical activity motivation according to age, mean income. Secondly, there were statistically significant difference in economic constraint according to marriage yes or no, children yes or no and mean income in results of analyzing leisure constraint scale according to demographic variable. Also, there were statistically significant difference in the surrounding-conscious restraint according to age. Thirdly, rest motivation had statistically significant effect on time constraint, economic constraint and surrounding-conscious constraint in regression analysis results of the effect of leisure motivation on leisure constraint. Also, intellectual motivation had statistically significant effect on economic constraint and competence-cognitive motivation had statistically significant effect on time constraint.

Key Words

leisure motivation, leisure constraint, intrinsic reward

심상신SangShinShim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between the leisure functioning and life satisfaction in reference to the different type of leisure participation from college students. We used an intensive survey questionnaire as the research tool in this study. Subjects of the study were 400 students who random sampled from university in seoul. Statistical methods such as t-test, on-way ANOVA, simple regression analysis. On the basis of the results analyzed, the conclusions were drawn as follows; First, male students showed a higher average level of satisfaction for both leisure functioning and life satisfaction compared to the female group. There was a significant difference in the leisure functioning between gender. Second, in reference to the grade grouping, high years students showed a higher average level of satisfaction for both. There was a significant difference in the leisure functioning between grade. Third, leisure functioning produced a result in sports, travelling and viewing order and school life satisfaction produced a result in travelling, sports and game. which is reflected in reference to the different types of leisure activities. There was a significant difference in the leisure functioning and school life satisfaction between leisure activities types. Fourth, only the participation level, considered as a supplementary element in reference to determining the level of leisure functioning was found to had influence on the overall school life satisfaction.

Key Words

leisure functioning, school life satisfaction, leisure participation types

서경호KyungHoSeo , 조방현BangHyeonCho , 이철원ChulWonLee

DOI:

Abstract

The study was to investigate and analyze the present situation of management of the Taekwondo gyms in the United States in order to provide Taekwondo instructor not only in the States, but all over the world with necessary information for the successful operation. To gather data of this researcher himself stayed in the U. S. and interviewed 5 successful Taekwondo masters from the three different States. The interviews were carried out with each master and the additional data were procured by the frequent inquiries on the phone. The result of this research was shown as following ; The firstly, a subject about culture, was analyzed into two elements: cultural conflict and cultural fusion. Cultural conflict was studied in terms of linguistic barriers and culture shock. The secondly, a subject about space for an effective operation of Taekwondo gyms, shows two criteria: one is the place where to establish a gym; and the other is where should be the optimal place to manage it. The thirdly, an improving contents of Taekwondo and quality were as commodities. The most important factor was abilities and leadership of Taekwondo masters to judge it. The fourthly, coming subject is the price of training. The majority of interviewees responded that fixing a price should be considered with property values of the communities, comparing that of other gyms and quality of discipline, and that adopting discount policy like that of fitness centers is necessary. The lastly, promotion was subdivided into two methods. The one was using existing advertisement, and the other was getting vicarious advertising benefits by meeting the satisfaction of the training members.

Key Words

martial art, management strategy, marketing taekwondo

고은하EunHaKo

DOI:

Abstract

This study was to examine a structural model of relationship among leadership of sport administrators and empowerment and organizational commitment. The purpose of this study was to clarify the suitability on a theory model of the leadership, empowerment and commitment, and was to explore the interactions between each variables. The subjects of this study were staffs working at commercial sports centers in Seoul, Using random sampling method, 230 subjects were selected. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were checked up by the confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. To analyze the data collected for this study, SPSSWIN 11.0 program were used for correlation analysis and regression analysis. On the basis of the method and process, the conclusions were drawn as follows; First, the leadership significantly influenced the degree of empowerment. When the leadership of administrators of commercial sport organizations is more transactional and transformational, the authority and autonomy, impact, and competence of organization members are extended. Second, the leadership contributed significant influence on organizational commitment. The more transactional and transformational leadership of administrators of commercial sport organizations were shown, the more organization members showed a commitment to the organization. Third, the empowerment contributed significant influence on organizational commitment. When the authority and autonomy, impact, and competence of organization members were extended, the organizational commitment of members to the organization was improved.

Key Words

commercial sport organization, empowerment, organizational commitment

김수잔SuSanKim , 이상철SangChulLee , 김일광IllGwangKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the importance placed on various ski resort related factors according to participation group. The subjects were cluster sampled from 6 sport centers operating in Seoul and included 276 persons who were at least 17 years old and who have skied before. The instrument for collecting data was a questionnaire consisting of 37 ski resort factors identified as being important by a focus group interview. Upon applying factor analyses, the item were classified into 5 factors which were arbitrarily named as primary facility, auxiliary facility, convenience, employee performance, and cost groups. The Cronbach alpha values for these factors ranged from .80 to .92, such that the instrument was judged to be very reliable. Data were then analyzed by applying descriptive analyses, one-way ANOVA, and Scheffe post hoc test, using the 10th version of the SPSS statistical program. As a result, the following conclusions were drawn: First, skiers who visit with their family members or friends place greater importance on the snow condition that skiers who visit with their co-workers or by themselves. Second, skiers who visit with their family members place greater importance on the availability of gondolas and on the convenience of getting on the gondolas, of parking, and of moving between the parking area and the ski house than skiers who visit with their friends. Skiers who visit with their family members place greater importance on the readiness of providing medical care and on keeping promises made than skiers who visit th their friends. Lastly, skiers who visit with their family members place greater importance on the availability of sport facilities, accommodations, lockers, food variety, ski product variety, and cleanliness than skiers who visit with their friends. Third, skiers who visit with their family members also place greater importance on the restaurants cleanliness than those who visit their co-workers, Fourth, skiers who visit with their family members place greater importance on the time it takes to get to the ski resort and on the traffic than those who visit with their co-workers.

Key Words

participation group, importance, ski resort

김종ChongKim

DOI:

Abstract

There were some close relations between sport and sports newspapers. It means that according to developing of sports, sports newspapers can develope. Also, so that sports newspapers develop more, they have to compete among themselves and concern about people’s interest. In addition, nowadays, the newspaper industry is in complex competition aspect not only Korean newspaper’s but also new media and abroad sports newspaper’s. Therefore newspaper’s industry has to be developed through being premised self-regulation competition which is developed into more qualitative development than quantitative development. The purpose of this study research was to grasp actuality of domestic sports newspapers exactly, foresee the future of them and offer some information needed for differentiation strategy which was coincided with Newspaper publishing company’s special quality. The marketing differentiation strategy of sports newspaper publishing company was as following. First of all, newspaper publishing company needed the professional sports marketer. Secondly, make up the total marketing - Meaning of the total marketing is the marketing’s extension which planed advertising, selling and publishing through professional marketer, Inside infra construction and has done Strategic alliance externally. Thirdly, have to make effort to get Korean sports fans. Fourthly, change the product of sports newspaper. Fifthly, promote Sales for service and contents of newspaper. Sixthly, increase the effect of ads. Seventhly, diversification of sports newspaper business. Finally, improve the image and recognizing of sports newspaper through getting stadium’s name(For example, Sports Seoul Sang-Am Stadium and Daily Sports Daegu Stadium etc).

Key Words

marketing strategies, sports newspaper, new media

이석인SukIhnLee , 조용찬YongChanCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find the ways of operating system to increase income of cooperation owning a professional team. The results of our research led the following conclusion about resonable ways of operating system to increase income of professional team. First, it was necessary to have innovative strategic about target audience in order to increase gate receipts, which account for most part of income. This was intended not for unspecified individuals but the selected individuals which were special target in every professional league. It also needed to concentrate the public relations and built up the strategic of public relations to increase audience of game. They had to ensure discriminative fan-service and Communication skill. Compared with situation of entrance of last audiences for professional team, there was some differences according to game score and regionalism. It needs to build up positive public relations for staffs of big company and club members. The professional team should cooperate with the head office. They would also try to improve convenient facilities near their field and they should let their fans enjoy something except game and feel convenient in the field. Second, each cooperation owning a professional team should strengthen publicity activities and reconstruct original system. Specially the department of marketing must be separated from others in each professional team. Third, they should analyse mess media in order to enhance the sports ship, and increase advertising charges. So far, we have made a contract according to our custom and made a rough estimate of advertising charges. In conclusion, today`s market of professional baseball team comes to a crisis. At the same time it might accept a lot of challenges. Cooperations owing a professional team have been meeting with cutthroat competition in their market. To pass this situation, they should try to find strategical alternative ways. Namely, Each professional team would be operated and administered according to the principle of market to be alive in market of professional baseball. That is the reason we need to build up systematical strategic of sports marketing.

Key Words

reasonable, professional, sports market

이종호JongHoLee , 최종필JongPillChoi

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine satisfactions of pro-sport stadium(ballparks)’s physical environments factors according to various purchase types of pro-sport spectators. To accomplish the purpose of this study, 400 spectators from four randomly selected stadiums(ballparks) of pro-sports were surveyed by means of the revised questionnaires. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaires were determined by conducting a pilot study. The reliability coefficient for questionnaires were found to be a=.736-.880. Questionnaires utilized a five-point Likert-type scale were employed for ascertaining the degree of importance that each respondent attached to each item. The used statistical methods for the data analysis were Chi-Square, factor analysis, t-test, One-way ANOVA(Scheffe’ Post-hoc test), and multiple regression analysis. For all analyses an alpha level of .05 were used for the research questions. The major findings obtained from this study were following; First, the purchase types of pro-sport spectators were shown as medium users, heavy users, and light users by order. Second, there were significant differences in the perception of satisfaction of pro-sport stadium’s physical environment factors between pro-baseball and pro-soccer spectators as seat, accessability, boots, and toilet factors. The pro-baseball spectators rated satisfactions of accessability and booth factors significantly higher in perception than did the pro-soccer spectators. In contrast, the pro-soccer spectators rated satisfactions of seat and toilet factors significantly higher in perception than did the pro-baseball spectators. Third, there were significant differences in the perception of satisfaction of pro-sport stadium’s physical environment factors among three different purchase types as accessability and parking lot factors. The heavy users of pro-sport games rated satisfactions of accessability and parking lot factors significantly higher in perception than did the light users. Fourth, the result of this study indicated that satisfaction of the seat, accessability, and score board factors significantly influenced the repurchase intentions of pro-baseball spectators. Finally, the result of this study also indicated that satisfaction of the seat, accessability, toilet, score board factors significantly influenced the repurchase intention of pro-soccer spectators.

Key Words

Satisfaction, Stadium(ballpark)’s Physical Environments factors, pro-soccer and baseball Spectators

한필수PilSooHan , 이석인SukInLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study aims to provide referable arbitration material for teams, players and Korea Basketball League, the target organization for applying annual salary adjustment of Korea professional sports and professional basketball by drawing the optimal factors of sporting event which is affecting annual salary though it is not cutting the Gordian knot. At the end of season every year, there used to be keen complications between professional teams and players for the annual salary negotiation and their aftermaths result in serious state sometimes. This study was approached to take a portion in development of Korean professional basketball by making fan have fun, and by making players develop their skill and by making teams create their company images by minimizing above complications. In addition, to propose improving point of study, following three models are provided: regression analysis using original data; multivariate regression analysis after the generation of variable; regression analysis added with weight while calculating variable. Furthermore, to diagnose the validity of models, the final model for authorizing the appropriateness of linear model and the multicollinearity among independent variables were constructed by linking them with statistical and professional aspects. The final model based on games of each player in 2001-2002 can present a standard for arguments in annual salary negotiation, and the formula is as follows: In(money)=10.22＋0.053W₁＋0.26W₅＋0.066W₄-0.1W₇

Key Words

salary, salary model, annual salary, basketball, professional sports, players

홍석표SeokPyoHong , 조송현SongHyeonCho

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to standardize a brand image scale into a sport context in Korea and to examine its adaptability. To achieve the purpose of this study, Brand Personality Scale(BPS) developed by Aaker(1997) was used to translate and analyze its adaptability in Korean. The BPS was consisted of 15 facets with 5 sub-domains. A total of 273 sample was used and asked about FIFA’s brand image. Results indicated that 9 facets among original 15 original facets significantly represented brand image in sports contexts of FIFA. Also, four sub domain among original five were statistically fit with proposed model for Korean version of brand image scale. In detail, sincerity, excitement, competence, and ruggedness were shown as good sub domain for the scale. Validity and reliability were also checked to confirm the availability of the scale. In compared to a previous research studied by Hong(2002), brand image scale was shown different facets with same sub domain. The results indicated that brand image scale was needed to be differently applied in different sport contexts.

Key Words

brand image, brand personality, sincerity, excitement, competence, ruggedness

강여주YoeJooKang , 윤여탁YeoTakYoun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to understand how Salpuri Dance had handed down to apprentices and what they shaped unique culture and what Salpuri Dance had any meaning on the basis of formed culture. Also, this study used an ethnographic study which was systematic explanation process to specific culture phenomenon to explain their cultural aspect on dance experience. Therefore, data collection of this study completed through direct interaction between researcher and participant using intensive interview, field observation. The collected data bring forth the following results through analysis of three stages which was made up of transcription, coding by topics and category. Firstly, the meaning of Salpuri Dance completion categorized as necessity, motivation of dance completion and educational, artistic value of dance completion and identity establishment through dance completion. Secondly, experience and the meaning of Salpuri Dance categorized as feminine beauty, harmony of from motion to stillness and from stillness to motion, technics of flavor and elegance, emotion express as a grudge, impromptu nature and a deity, perpect flow, and dramatic structure. Thirdly, the cultural consciousness world of Salpuri Dance categorized as cognition on culture inheritance’s value and preservation and understanding on culture product. Conclusively, Salpuri Dance completion were cognition process of cultural experience which include behavior and consciousness of culture material on the basis of its history nature and artistic nature. The experienced and essential meaning of this Salpuri Dance can represent the vividity when it was based on apprentices’s direct personal experience. Also, ethnographic research method could be understanded as direct, personal experience analysis process on experience world of Salpuri Dance. This study can give a chance to have the better understanding on Salpuri Dance through experience of Salpuri Dance apprentices and can play a role on work beginning which enhance meaning, value on tradition culture.

Key Words

salpuri dance Apprentices, dance experience

김광범KwangBumKim

DOI:

Abstract

Dance medicine is special field of medicine that treats dancers’ physical and mental disorders. Especially, the dancer belongs to the specific profession that has the double aspect of the artistic aspect of pursuing artistic beauty and the physical motion needed to achieve this goal, sportive aspect. Pursuit for artistic beauty is pursuit for mentality and perfection, and dancers suffer from stress coming from competition as professional and come to overwork due to physically repeated motions. At length, dancers are in a state that they physically or mentally suffer from stress. In the 1960s, the Sports Medicine and Exercise Injury Association of New York investigated what was the hardest and most difficult exercise of about 60 events. As a result, they included ballet, football and hockey. This study revealed that 98% of dancers experienced injury and more than 90% are suffering from chronic diseases. Ballet-related injury has several forms that can usually be forecasted, and to prevent these kinds of injury in advance, dancers should be allowed to use motions effectively by investigating the accurate dance technique the motions with the high frequency of injury. Injured dancers should be enabled to increase their muscular strength effectively by conducting the rehabilitation program that enables them to recover from injury as soon as possible. If they are thought to be injured, they should avoid self-diagnosis, refrain from taking drug without any care and have the habit of receiving diagnosis from the specialized doctor. Taken together, practice with the knowledge of the cause for injury from dance would play a great role in preventing injury, and if dancers are injured over the course of dance, they should analyze and evaluate the reason why the injury occurred. The delay of treatment or shortened treatment or improperly sufficient recovery programs contributes to the worsening of injury. Therefore, dancers should master medical knowledge of their body in the sense of preventing injury in advance and minimize injury through analysis of the cause for injury from dance.

Key Words

ballet dancer’s injuries

김현남HyunNamKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to propose a way for the modern dance in Korea to go and a perspective for its development by analyzing a current situation of modern dance organizations in Korea which have contributed a lot to modern dance in Korea. The result of this study through analysis of a current situation about modern dance organizations in Korea is as follows; 1. Modern dance organizations in Korea have played a locomotive role for the trend of modern dance in Korea and its development for the past 20 years. 2. Modern dance organizations in Korea have provided Korean dancers and choreographers with a momentum for them to advance abroad and opportunities for them to meet see and learn contemporary techniques of modern dance through international exchanges. 3. Modern dance organizations in Korea have provided new figures in dance with a stage for their performance through various performance planning and management and have trained lots of dancers and choroegraphers. Followings are several proposals for the development of modern dance organizations in Korea. 1. The four modern dance organizations in Korea have to make full efforts for the professional dance company to be formed through constructive participation and unity. 2. A perspective to activate modern dance should be in place. 3. We should cultivate and train star performers. Modern dance in Korea is developing if modern dance organizations in Korea take the initiative for the preparation of required policies through improvement of the organizations and search out of various schemes and new visions in order for Korean modern dance to be activated and spotlighted.

Key Words

modem dance, modem dance organization

박중길JungGilPark , 류태호TaeHoRyu

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dance curriculum conceptual frameworks for dance of foreign countries in kindergarten through twelfth grade in order to provide a theoretical base for the development of dance curriculum. For this, various dance curriculum frameworks issued by United States of America, Australia, England, and Canada were gathered by criterion-based selection and analyzed by utilizing content analysis. The dance curriculum conceptual framework in kindergarten through twelfth grades based on the results of the analysis is as follows; Rationale of dance education in school are based on Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, Bloom’s taxonomy, Erikson’s theory of life stage, Torrance’s creative thinking, and Guilford’s intellect structure. The goal of dance education is for students to become educated in the creative are discipline of dance. To accomplish this goal the dance program encompasses four dimensions of dance: physical, cognitive, affective, and social domain. The contents of learning include core learning area and general learning area. The core learning area incorporates the cross-curricular priorities of critical and creative thinking communication, life skill, numeracy, and technological literacy. The general learning area involves theory, creation, and analysis.

Key Words

Curriculum conceptual Frameworks

유정숙ChungSookYoo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the teaching strategies of university professors on creative class. Two university professors’ class in 2 university teaching korean dance were observed. In-depth interviews with that korean dance professors were used to collect relevant data. The collected data were analyzed by the case analysis and inductive categorical analysis. Qualitative analysis produced the following results. First, strategy of dance professors on the creative objectives is ‘imitation is best’. Second, strategy of dance professors on the creative contents is ‘follow the same way’. Third, strategy of dance professors on the creative methods is ‘alone or together’. Creative strategy of ‘alone or together’ include ‘one to one instruction’ and ‘group instruction’. Fourth, strategy of university professors on the creative evaluation is ‘theory separately and practice separately’. These findings imply thoughts of university students about creative class of korean dance is illogical and a fixed idea, and professors also instructed by teaching methods of the past to university students majoring korean dance. Accordingly, Professors should escape teaching methods of the past, and search for new teaching methods for creation class of korean dance.

Key Words

korean dance, creation, instruction, strategy

김남익NamIkKim , 윤상호SangHoYoun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to influence of the cardiovascular disease risk factors at resting and exercise stress test on the C-reactive protein(CRP) in the elderly men. The subjects consisted 42 elderly men who was aged 65-75years were checked by a survey of lifestyle and exercise habit, blood test(including CRP), measurement of body fat and blood pressure, and exercise stress testing. Subjects were divided into 3 groups such as Ⅰ(normal), Ⅱ(moderate; CRP 0.22㎎/㎗ - 0.50㎎/㎗), Ⅲ(severe; CRP＞0.50㎎/㎗). Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of oneway ANOVA. Results of this study were as follows; It showed that CRP concentrations of 0.22㎎/㎗ or more is increased on the cardiovascular disease risk, and it showed that CRP concentration of 0.50㎎/㎗ or more is higher increased on the cardiovascular disease risk. The exert high influence upon of the cardiovascular disease risk factors on the CRP concentrations was showed such as percent body fat, BMI, resting oxygen uptake and exercise time(min/day). And peak heart rate, peak myocardial oxygen uptake, and resting ST level was showed exert low influence upon. Therefore, higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower concentrations of inflammation makers in the elderly men. These data suggest that increased exercise is associated with reduced inflammation, decrease percent body fat, optimal weight and increased cardiopulmonary function.

Key Words

C-reactive protein, CRP, cardiovascular disease risk factors, elderly men

김석희SeokHeeKim , 김정환JungHwanLee , 이창호ChangHoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The subjects of this research were 35 males with hypertension in ages 40 to 59, who do not exercise regularly with 140mmHg or higher SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) or 90mmHg or higher DBP (Diastolic Blood Pressure). The subjects were divided into Group 1 and 2 Group 1 was composed of 17 patients with less than 20 % body fat. Group 2 was composed of 18 patients with higher than 20 % body fat. We have conducted incremental treadmill exercise testing (prior to exercising, maximum, and recovering phases) on both groups and analyzed the heart rate, blood pressure, myocardial oxygen uptake and maximal oxygen consumption among the elements of cardiovascular system. The results are as follows. 1) Changes in Heart Rate: When the patients were relaxed, there was a significant difference in the heart rate in Group 2 (% Body fat＞20%) (p＜.05). 2) Change in Blood Pressure: In terms of the SBP, there were significant differences in the maximum phase and recovery 1, 2, 4 and 5 phases in Group 2 (%Body fat＞20%) (p＜.05). Group 2 showed rather high level of change during the resting and recovering 3 phase; however, there was no significant difference. In terms of the DBP, Group 2 (% Body fat＞20%) showed rather high level of change in all phases excluding the recovery 1 phase. However, there was no significant difference. 3) Change in Myocardial Oxygen Uptake: Group 2 (% Body fat＞20%) showed significant differences in myocardial oxygen uptake in the maximum phase, recovery 1, 2, 4 and 5 phases (p＜.05). There was a rather high level of change also in the resting and recovery 3 phases; however there was no significant difference. 4) Maximal Oxygen Consumption: Group 2 (% Body fat＞20%) showed rather high level of maximal oxygen consumption; however, there was no significant difference. In conclusion, in case of middle aged men with hypertension, with high percent body fat, high result was shown in the recovery phase with rapid rise in maximal SBP. The same result was also shown in myocardial oxygen uptake. As so, when a patient with hypertension and with high percent body fat exercises, compared to those with low percent body fat, danger elements of cardiovascular system disorder such as heart attack and hematencephalon will increase along with rise in the heart pressure. In case of conducting the exercise prescription, minute caution is necessary.

Key Words

hypertension, cardiovascular system, %Body fat

김효진HyoJinKim , 이석인SukInLee , 임승길SeungKilLim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic dance on physical fitness and percent body fat. Subjects consisted of 20 healthy university women. They had no medical problem. 20 subjects were divided into the training group(n=10), and the control group(n=10). The training group participated in 8weeks aerobic dance program, and their muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, power, cardiovascular endurance and % body fat was collected at pre-exercise, after 4weeks, after 8weeks. The data were analyzed utilizing Repeated Measures ANOVA. The level of statistical significance was see at p＜.05. On the basis of the result analyzed in this study. The result were drawn as follow : Muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, power, cardiovascular endurance and % body fat was significant difference between training group and control but muscle strength was no significant difference between training group and control. In conclusion, First, Aerobic dance is effective exercise for improve muscular endurance, flexibility, balance, power, cardiovascular endurance and % body fat decrease. Second, Aeobic dance decrease % body fat and than it recommended exercise for treatment and prevention of obesity.

Key Words

aerobic dance, physical fitness, percent body fat

박정웅JungWoongPark , 박정배JeongBaePark , 이언호EonHoLee , 김재철JaeCheolKim , 김창근ChangKeunKim

DOI:

Abstract

The angiogenic response in skeletal muscle is though to be mediated by number of angiogenic factors including, most importantly, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF protein levels increase in skeletal muscle after a single bout of acute exercise. The increased level of VEGF protein is maintained during 12-24 hours in skeletal muscle. The aim of a present study is to manifest the time course of serum VEGF protein concentration at different exercise intensities (70% HRmax, 40% HRmax). Six untrained men were randomly assigned to test at each exercise intensity in a cross-over design. The total work of exercise applied was identical during 70% and 40% HRmax of exercise. The result of a present study demonstrated that no alteration occurred in the time course of serum VEGF protein concentration at given exercise intensities, but serum VEGF protein was greatly elevated at immediately after exercise and maintained during 24 hours. Our findings suggest that a relatively low threshold may be set in exercise induced VEGF protein concentration. Therefore we should consider the training method of endurance exercise for sport track and health-related track to make training method applied efficient.

Key Words

VEGF protein, HR max, angiogenic response

우진희JinHeeWoo

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long term swimming training on energy substances utilization and fuel-hormonal release response during submaximal intensity swimming exercise with observing the changes of blood glucose, FFA, triglyceride(TG) and norepinephrine. In order to conduct this study, 10 WKY and 20 SHR were chosen. The subjects were divided into 3 test conditions: WKY control(WC), SHR control(HC), and SHR trained(HT). For the HC group, the resting level of blood glucose was lower than WC and HT groups, but the resting levels of blood FFA and TG were higher than that of WC and HT groups. However, for the HT group, the resting level of blood glucose level was almost same to WC group, the resting level of blood FFA and TG were lower than HC group. Also, the exercising levels of blood FFA and TG in the HT group were lower than HC group. For the HC and HT groups, the both resting levels of norepinephrine were higher than that of WC, and there was no significant difference between HC and HT groups.

Key Words

energy substances utilization, fuel-hormonal, SHR

이동희DongHeeLee , 김성수SungSooKim , 신말순MalSoonShin , 이창영ChangYongLee , 이철원CheolWonLee , 윤진환JinHwanYoon , 변재종JaeJongByun

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of exercise and spinal cord injury on the cardiovascular responses and cardiac functions. Cardiovascular parameters were measured during graded maximal exercise test with arm ergometer. Cardiac functions were measured during rest with two-dimensional echocardiography on left-side lying body position. HRpeak, oxygen uptake, ventilation, oxygen pulse, LVIDd, IVSd, SV, EF, LV mass were examined in spinal cord injured wheelchair basketball athletes(PA, N=10), spinal cord injured sedentary group(PS, N=10), able-bodied wheelchair basketball athletes(AA, N=10), able-bodied sedentary group(AS, N=10). All data were expressed in means and standard deviation. We tested two-way ANOVA between exercise and spinal cord injury. The results of this study are following: 1. Sedentary lifestyle of spinal cord injury was negative effects on cariovascular factors(HRpeak, oxygen uptake, ventilation, oxygen pulse), and cardiac factors(LVIDd, IVSd, SV, EF, LV mass). 2. Regular exercise was positive effects on cariovascular factors(HRpeak, oxygen uptake, ventilation, oxygen pulse), and cardiac factors(LVIDd, IVSd, SV, EF, LV mass). In conclusion spinal cord injury and sedentary lifestyle lead to reduction of cardiovascular, cardiac function, physical fitness, physical work capacity. The concomitant increase of cardiovascular risk factors leads to a higher incidence of diseases of the cardiovascular system. On the other hand, regular physical activity leads to overcome of disability and vigorous lifestyle. Physical activity, up to and including high-performance sport, plays and important role for spinal cord injured during the course of rehabilitation. The various demands of sports, strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, and coordination as well as the level of lesion or severity of injury need to be considered when choosing a form of physical activity in rehabilitation. Especially, wheelchair basketball imposes a positive physical stress on cardiovascular system and encouraged to rehabilitation or lifetime sports.

Key Words

wheelchair basketball, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular capacity

이신언ShinEonLee

DOI:

Abstract

This study sought to determine how V˙O2max and %body fat are related to the differences between male marathon club members and Non-exercise members. Marathon club members were competed pro and amateur level games for 6 months to 5 years. Subjects were 200 male non-exercisers and amateur marathon runners selected from several clubs, who ran at least 30km×wk(-1) for 6 months to 5 years. V˙O2max was measured on a treadmill and %body fat by bio-impedance method. The results, mean and standard deviation, were obtained by Independent-Sample t-test and the significant level p was set at 0.05 the result were as follows. V˙O2max in the marathon club members were 55.0±9.4㎖/㎏/min and non-exercisers were 44.3±9.8㎖/㎏/min. The V˙O2max measured on the treadmill was significantly higher(p=0.05) in the club marathon runners as compared to the non-exercisers, and they showed significantly negative correlation(p=0.01) between two groups. The results of the %Body fat in the marathon club members were 14.1±4.8% and non-exercisers were 17.5±5.0%. The %Body fat measured by bioimpedance method was significantly higher(p=0.05) in the club marathon runners as compared to the non-exercisers, and statistically they showed significantly negative correlation(p=0.01) between two groups.

Key Words

marathon club members, VO2max, %Body Fat

이철호CheolHoLee

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to veryfied the effect of aging on the WHR and health fitness factors and reveal the correlation coefficience between physical physique and VO2max in Korean adults. The subjects of this study were consisted of both 8,666 males and 6,033 females who checked medical examination and physical fitness test at the N Fitness Center. The results were summarized as follows: 1. It was showed that average push-up of each age were 29.85 and 16.61 times for 20’s, 23.81 and 16.56 times for 30’s, 20.71 and 16.50 times for 40’s, 18.07 and 13.42 times for 50’s, 15.31 and 11.51 times for 60’s in male and female. 2. It was showed that average sit-up of each age were 35.71 and 24.61 times for 20’s, 30.49 and 19.09 times for 30’s, 26.24 and 15.65 times for 40’s, 22.27 and 10.10 times for 50’s 18.60 and 7.40 times for 60’s in male and female. 3. It was showed that average flexibility of each age were 12.23 and 13.91cm for 20’s, 10.81 and 14.53cm for 30’s, 8.39 and 14.07cm for 40’s, 6.25 and 13.26cm for 50’s, 4.47 and 12.32cm for 60’s in male and female, respectively. 4. It was showed that average grip strength of each age were 50.50 and 31.60kg for 20’s, 50.10 and 33.09kg for 30’s, 48.67 and 32.43kg for 40’s, 45.60 and 30.68kg for 50’s, 42.67 and 28.80kg for 60’s in male and female, respectively 5. It was showed that average side-step of each age were 36.90 and 30.84 times for 20’s, 34.87 and 30.37 times for 30’s, 32.35 and 28.76 times for 40’s, 29.48 and 26.13 times for 50’s, 25.53 and 21.92 times for 60’s in male and female, respectively 6. It was showed that average sargent jump of each age were 53.11 and 29.12cm for 20’s, 46.67 and 25.63cm for 30’s, 41.04 and 22.77cm for 40’s, 34.68 and 18.54cm for 50’s, 27.56 and 14.61cm for 60’s in male and female, respectively 7. It was showed that average VO2max of each age were 48.13 and 35.15ml/kg/min for 20’s, 41.81 and 33.70ml/kg/min for 30’s, 39.69 and 32.09ml/kg/min for 40’s, 36.88 and 29.99ml/kg/min for 50’s, 33.32 and 25.77ml/kg/min for 60’s in male and female, respectively. 8. It was showed that average % body fat of each age were 12.85 and 26.69% for 20’s, 17.01 and 29.18% for 30’s, 18.44 and 31.85% for 40’s, 20.22 and 34.44% for 50’s, 20.88 and 34.76% for 60’s in male and female, respectively. 9. It was showed that average WHR of each age were 0.86 and 0.83 for 20’s 0.90 and 0.89 for 30’s, 0.92 and 0.89 for 40’s, 0.93 and 0.92 for 50’s, 0.93 and 0.95 for 60’s in male and female, respectively. 12. There was significant correlation coefficience between VO2max and body weight except 20’s male and 60’s female. 13. There was significant correlation coefficience between VO2max and % body fat in male and female among aging.

Key Words

coronary heart risk, physical fitness, WHR, VO2max, % body fat

정수련SuRyunJung , 강호율HoYoulKang

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of glucose and cornstarch pre-exercise meals with and without protein on glycemic, insulinemic, and substrate oxidation responses during both a postprandial period and prolonged exercise. The subjects in this study were 9 healthy untrained college male students. All subjects participated in five exercise trails. One of five experimental treatments, randomly assigned, was ingested 60 min before cycling for 90 min at 60% of VO2max. The experimental treatments consisted of glucose (Glu; glucose 2 g/kg BW), glucose and protein mixture (Glu/Pro; glucose 1.6 g/kg BW and protein 0.4 g/kg BW), starch (Sta; starch 2 g/kg BW), and starch and protein mixture (Sta/Pro; 1.6 g/kg BW and protein 0.4 g/kg BW). The starch used in the current study was raw cornstarch powder. The water treatment was served as control (CON; H_2O). Blood samples were taken just before ingestion and every 15 min of exercise. Plasma samples were analyzed by duplicated for glucose, lactate, free fatty acid and insulin. The expired gas was analyzed for the determination of CHO and fat oxidation rate during the exercise. when Sta was supplemented, plasma insulin and glucose responses were significantly lower than Glu, and plasma FFA level, fat oxidation rate were significantly higher than Glu. However, Sta/Pro was significantly reduced fat oxidation compared to the Sta. Therefore, protein supplementation in carbohydrate pre-exercise meal has a negative effect on endurance performance.

Key Words

glycemic index, energy metabolism, pre-exercise meal, prolonged exercise

정성림SungLimJung , 김병로ByungRohKim

DOI:

Abstract

This study was designed to illustrate what changes was occurred in the physical strength, body composition, and blood lipid disposition factors in the middle aged obese women, through the combined exercise program for 12 weeks that was planned to explain the advantage of the aerobic exercise and anaerobic muscular oppositional exercise. Target population was 34 women over 30% of body lipid ration. 17 aerobic exercise group, and 17 muscular and aerobic exercise group exercised during three alternative days in a week, respectively. measuring materials were VO_2max, grasping power, abdominal muscular strength, flexibility, trunk raising ability, balancing and sharpness in physical strength factors; body weight, BMI and body lipid ratio in body compositions; and T-CHL, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in blood lipid profiles. 1. In factor of physical strength, There was no difference between aerobic and combined exercise group, however, there was significant difference in VO₂max, grasping power, abdominal muscular strength, musculr endurance, flexibility, balancing, sharpness, quickness compared with pre-exercise state. 2. In factor of body composition, there was no difference between aerobic and combined exercise group, however, there was significant decrease in body weight, body lipid ration, BMI in post-exercise state compared with pre-exercise state in both groups. 3. In the testing of blood lipid component, there was no significant difference between two groups(aerobic and combined group). however, they showed significant difference in that blood component after treatment. Consequently, this study showed that combined exercise could have positive effect on middle aged obese women in the aspect of physical strength, body composition, compared with pre-treatment test result, there was positive change in combined exercise group after treatment. According to this test result, I recommend Combined exercise program as the most ideal exercise program for the middle aged obese women suffering from degenerative arthritic change and osteroporosis for the sake of body weight control and protection of hyperlipidemia.

Key Words

aerobic exercise group, muscular combined exercise group, physical strength, body composition, blood lipid

김승환SeungHwanKim , 장명재MyoungJeiChang , 이성규SungGyuLee , 장완성WanSungChang , 최현희HyunHeeChoi , 성종환JongHwanSung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was designed to estimate activation of a Malondialdehyde(MDA) and total antioxidant status(TAS) in human by administration the ginseng for eight weeks. For this purpose, K college students(n=7) was to be tested to a treadmill runing from rest until their entire physical exhaustion. Subject`blood was collected before, immediately after, 10 and 30 minutes after the exercise to be examined. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. Malondialdehyde(MDA) were significantly lower than before. 2. Total antioxidant status(TAS) were significantly higher than before, Particularly TAS(total antioxidant status) were higher than before that in all-out time. In conclusion, the ginseng was decreased that oxydative stress in all-out time. Therefore, Ginseng was effected by Antioxidants.

Key Words

antioxidants, ginseng, malondialdehyde, MDA, total antioxidant status, TAS, oxydative stress

조대숭DaeSungCho , 류숭필SungPilRyu , 이수천SooChunLee

DOI:

Abstract

In the present study, 5mg/kg BW glucocorticoid (GC) was used for developing osteoporosis. After this treatment, 5mg/kg BW alendnoate (A) was injected in the abdomen for the medical care and exercise regimen was performed for weeks. Exercise training was designed resistance exercise that climbing (CL) in the tower cage (2 m height, 20 cm diameter) where water-tab was located at the top of the cage. Bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone intensity were measured with DEXA and Instron. Bone length and diameter were measured with caliper and blood calcium was analyzed with enzymatic method. CL has increased bone length of GC-ACL compared to GC-A (p＜0.05), however; BMD of GC-CL was lower than that of GC-A (p＜0.05). These results suggested that exercise training combined with alendronate administration is more effectual to increase those effects in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis rats.

Key Words

glucocorticoid, alendronate, climbing exercise, BMD, rat

곽창수ChangSooKwak , 이계산GaeSanLee , 김희석HeeSukKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of shoe weight on physiological responses to exercises with added shoe weight, and to find out the relationship between shoe weight and walking economy during walking. 5 healthy women and 8 healthy men were employed as subjects, 6 different shoes were made using different weight. The experiment for measuring cardiorespiratory responses was performed for minutes of treadmill walking at speed of 100m/min. The findings of this study were as follows; Heart rate, VO2, VCO2, energy consumption were increased as shoe weights were increased(p＜0.5). Minimum shoe weight added by load for effects during walking was appeared to be 1.5kg. It was recommended that the heavy shoe was better as considering his physical fitness level Women showed bigger cardiorespiratory responses than men. This study confirmed the previous findings that additional body weight affects cardiorespiratory responses. It was concluded that shoe weight for the improvement of walking economy was another good method of additional body weight. Especially, shoe weight as additional weight method is useful for the people who can`t take exercises because of lack of exercise time and place. The study suggests more studies on calculation of shoe weight with consideration of each body weight and physical fitness level will be necessary for the prevention of muscularskeletal injuries and improvement of exercise effects.

Key Words

shoe weights, walking economy

류재청CheCheongRyew , 이계산GyeSanLee

DOI:

Abstract

The study was to analyze kinematic variables inducing task impairment in underwater work situation. For this the experiments of 4 time was done in depth 50m, 40m, 30m, 20m, 10m with 5 subjects. The task contents was the underwater task performance capacity factors(reaction time, movement time of task completion, total cumulated error ratio) and analyzed by Kwon3D motion analysis system. In kinematic analysis of underwater task performance capacity factors according to depth & bottom time, the reaction time in depth 40m showed significant difference when delaying in bottom time and showed more delayed reaction time in over depth 30m than lower depth level. Movement time of task completion didn’t show significant difference in bottom time & depths but showed significant difference in total cumulated error ratio in deeper depth than lower depth level. In interactive effect of underwater task performance capacity factors, the reaction time was delayed according to increasing of bottom time and independent relationship in depth & bottom time but no relationship with movement time of task completion and total cumulated error ratio. In multiple regression analysis of impairment in kinematic variables, the deeper depth the more influence to reaction time but no relation with movement time of task completion and the deeper depth and bottom time the less accurate effect in error ratio & accuracy of underwater task performance capacity.

Key Words

task performance, impairment, underwater performance task, bottom time

박종훈JongHoonPark , 윤상호SangHoYoun , 백진호JinHoBack , 김동민DongMinKim , 정남주NamJuChung

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to closely examine kinematic features by jump stage of Ropez motion in horse vaulting and clarify effective rotation and twist movement of the body. For this, as a result of analyzing kinematic variables through three-dimensional images using high speed video camera to Ropez motions performed at horse competition, for men events, gymnastics, the 14th Busan Asian Games, and comparing them with the precedented research into Kasamas line skills(Park, Jong-hoon, 2001, 2002; Lee, Soon-ho, 2001), the following conclusion was obtained. 1. It was indicated that at the post-flight, the increase of flight time and height has an critical effect on that of twist extent, and when the COG reached the peak, the rotation angle of the trunk does not secure the complete bwd, salto, but the twist angle of the trunk already forms 270˚. This means that the efficacy of twist motions is enhance since rotation motion is restrained, and mass is closely distributed to the rotation axis of twist. 2. It was indicated that at the contact of the board, the angle of hip and knee joints is large, and rotational velocity of trunk is slow, so the horizontal distance of COG gets small and time of contract become longer at the treading time. This is derived from the fact that the touch-down of horse becomes easy according to the horse standard`s change, so the body stands up in advance and approaches the board. 3. It was indicated that at the pre-flight, horizontal moving distance and flight duration are very short, and the moving velocity of COG and the angular velocity of the body`s rotation and twist are very slow, so the flight is made to a very small extent. This is because of the intention to quickly lean on the horse, and lower blocking angle. 4. It was indicated that at the contact of the horse, Ropez movement shortens contact time and horizontal displacement, and enlarges shoulder angle. This means that it provides increased vertical rise by restraining the push of the body forward, and making the body take-off before it reaches the vertical state. Also at the phase of contacting the horse, the horse touch-down is formed aside, but the trunk is formed in the same way of handspring skills, and this indicates that the body has already made a nearly half twist after horse take-off, contributing to enhancing the effectiveness of twist according to special sense.

Key Words

ropez motion, bwd, salto, twist, blocking

송주호JooHoSong

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate kinematic variables including flight posture, flight distance and variations of technical style of ski jumping competition from in-run to early flight, and to provide quantitative data by calculating the descriptive techniques. Three skiers from the Korean National Team were recruited for the subjects. Each subject performed three jumps and these were recorded on three Panasonic D-5100 cameras with 60fps. The recorded cinematographic data were calculated for the control object coordinate, segment coordinate, and DLT method. The smoothing of data were conducted by KWON3D(3.0) windows program(Kwon, 2001). The results of this study were as follows: In case of the longest flight distance in all subjects, the ratio for the total time of flight was 61.2% in event 1 and 2, 38.8% in event 3 and 4. This percentage showed the same tendency. The flight distance of subject B(whose plate length was 253cm) as well as subject C(whose plate length was 256cm) was about 2∼3m farther than that of subject A(whose plate length was 237cm), suggesting the influence of plate length on the flight distance. The differences between the real and the theoretical flight distance were the least in subject C(5.6 to 9.2m) indicating that subject C commanded relatively safe jumping technique. The COG of subject A and B was directed to the vertical down just after jumping while that of subject C, whose flight distance was the longest, was directed to the vertical up. Then, the COG of subject C was reversed in the direction of vertical down after it reached on the highest point. The angle of knee joint and hip joint increased continuously according to progression of movements. Especially in case of the longest flight trial for each subject, the angle of knee joint and hip joint was associated with the maximum knee angular velocity in take-off(E3) and phase 3. From in-run to jumping, minimization of the shoulder joint sticking to trunk had a positive effect on the flight distance.

Key Words

take-off, early flight, drag, lift, kante

이종락JongRagLee , 박광동KwingDongPark

DOI:

Abstract

This study on women’s fleuret marche fente motion was initiated in an attempt to improve athletic performance ability and teaching methods in fencing. Three skilled juvenile athletes and three unskilled high school athletes were analyzed vitodynamically. To achieve the aims of this study, I attempted to find the kinematic causes of change in the performance of each event through 3-D image analysis and I came to the following conclusions. 1. In the time change of the whole motion, it is desirable to shorten the required time by pushing the back leg long while the heel of the foreleg moves forward and reaches the floor. In this stage, kicking and rowing the back arm are needed at the same time. 2. In the position change of the physical center, it is desirable to keep the physical center low and horizontal as if to grab the floor with the fore sole and back heel by distributing the center of gravity equally to both legs and moving forward in a "gliding" fashion. 3. In the velocity change of the physical center, it is desirable to increase the speed and power of the forefoot and blade with the horizontal speed increasing by pushing the back arm out far and to a great extent. 4. In the angular change of the shoulder and elbow joints, it is desirable to extend gradually and attain an adequate speed. in the angular change of the hip and knee joints, reflexing and extending rapidly, giving and taking the center of gravity back and forth, affects the motion of the forefoot and step.

Key Words

fleuret marche fente in fencing

임비오BeeOhLim , 한동기DongKiHan , 서정석JungSukSeo

DOI:

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of 8 weeks strength training on the change of ground reaction force for the adolescents with trisomy 21 Down syndrome. The subjects were eight high school students the age of 17-19 with Down syndrome. The strength training was administered by six items such as squat, leg curl, leg extension, toe raise, sit-ups, and hyperextension. For strengthening muscle, each muscle group was treated for 8 weeks, three times a week 10-15RM, 3sets, which was based on the principle of progressive overload. For inquiring the effects of strength training the ground reaction force variables were measured in two phases : before-training and 8 week-after training. The gait of each subject was acquisition using 2 AMTI force platforms set at 100 frequency. The results of this study were as follows: First, before and after 8 weeks strength training program, the pattern of vertical and anterior-posterior forces of adolescents with Down syndrome, such as the similar pattern with normal gait, the flat-foot walking pattern without distinction of restraint and propulsive force, were various. Second, the timing ratio of double support of adolescents with Down syndrome was higher than that of children with Down syndrome and was lower that of normal gait. Third, after strength training the timing ratio of reaching the first peak in anterior-posterior forces were higher than that of the first peak in vertical forces, however, the timing ratio of reaching the second peak in anterior-posterior forces was lower than that in vertical forces. Fourth, after strength training medio-lateral and anterior-posterior trajectory of net COP decreased, but there were not statistical differences.

Key Words

ground reaction force, down syndrome, strength training

김미예MiYeKim

DOI:

Abstract

Figure skating uses the median rank aggregation system for determining placement. Unfortunately, the system have been shown to be prone to various types of systematic and random error. The purpose of this study was to investigate the rating errors influencing on judgemental scoring in figure skating, and to suggest the way to improve the fairness of rating by examining the difference of judge`s severity and inconsistency. A many-facet Rasch model was conducted on data from the lady`s figure skating events at the 2002 winter Olympics. Six facets - athletes, athlete`s country, component, judge, judge`s country and judge`s gender were defined. Judge`s severity and inconsistency were examined by infit and outfit statistics and separation index and reliability. Judge-by-athletes interaction was also calculated to detect potential judge-by-athletes bias. The results presented evidence that rankings from Olympic competition can be used in a many-facet Rasch analysis to construct a linear scale of skating ability that is free, as statistically possible, of judge biases and component difficulty. All sports that rely on judges` ratings should investigate the use of a many-facet Rasch model in order to bring more objective and fairness to the winner selection process.

Key Words

many-facet rasch model, rating, figure skating

김형돈HyungDonKim , 최조연JoYounChoi , 김명진MyungJinKim

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic power, and 25m, 50m direction changing sprint performance in male and female athletes. Eighty highly trained college athletes(male=54, female=26) completed following tests: anthropometric parameters, side step, leg extension power, countermovement jump(CJ jump), and 25m, 50m direction changing sprint. Leg extension power and CJ jump were evaluated by Anaeropress and electronic contact mat system. Body composition was estimated from Inbody 3.0. The data collected was analyzed using Person correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression analysis on SPSS statistical package. The somatotype of male subjects was classified as mesomorphy whereas that of female subjects as endomorphic-mesomorphy. The body mass index of both groups was classified as desirable BMI. The single best correlation coefficient of 25m, 50m performance with dependent variables was CM jump(-0.660,-0.608) in male subject. Significant correlations(p＜0.1) also exist between 25, 50m performance, CM jump, and side step in female subjects. No close relationship exits between leg extension power and sprint performance. Calculating extension power by weight correlation coefficient with sprint performance increased. As a result of stepwise multiple linear regression analysis CM jump was solely selected as predictive variable to all 25m, 50m direction change sprint performance in male and female subjects. It was concluded that CM jump is best associated with direction changing performance and that there is no significant gender difference to predict sprint performance.

Key Words

sprint Performance, countermovement jump, anaerobic power

박재현JaeHyeonPark

DOI:

Abstract

Sport is Darwinian in that only the ‘fittest’ reach the highest level of participation(Norton & Olds, 2001). The purpose of this study is to examine on anthropometric characters of the world top-class track and field players using by univariate Overla Zone(OZ). OZ is mean that the degree to which the distribution of values in the sport group(world top-class track and field players) differs from the distribution of values in the population is a measure of the force of the selection pressure for that variable. Measurements of world top-class track and field players sizes(Height and weight) were obtained from sources as IAAF records manuals. The data of population were obtained from NHANES. OZ was calculated by MS-Exel program. In hige jump and shot put sports, taller size is important in the athletics’ performance on male and female. In shot put, heavier mass is advantageous and in the marathon, light mass is important on male and female.

Key Words

overlap zone, world top-class athlete’s anthropometry

박진희JinHeePark

DOI:

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the optimal morphological characteristics of female dancer. The optimal morphological characteristic is the body shapes of ideal morphological characteristics from training demands, selection pressures of dance type, and genetic factors of dancer. In study 162 female dancer completed the measurement of 39 anthropometric variables. To assess of the optimal morphological characteristics of female dancer, ANOVA and Overlap Zone(OZ) analysis were used. The results of this study was follows. There are morphological characteristics of elite korean dancer as more higher in muscle mass, foot length and fat free mass and as more lower in subscapular, abdominal, iliac crest skinfold site, ratio of tibiale mediale-trochanterion tibiale and fat mass than the general dancer. There are morphological characteristics of elite modern dancer as more higher in iliospinale to foor, tibiale laterale to floor, height, fat free mass, muscle mass, biacromiale, weight and sitting height and as more lower in medial calf and front thigh skinfold site than the general dancer. There are morphoogical characteristics of elite ballet dance as more higher in ectomorphy, ratio of iliospinale to floor-height and ratio of muscle mass and as more lower in mesomorphy, biiliocristal, supraspinale, iliac crest, abdominal, triceps, endomorphy, fat mass, front thigh and medial calf skinfold site and anterior posterior chest depth than the general dancer.

Key Words

optimal morphological character, female dancer, overlap zone

이미숙MiSookLee , 조정환JungHwanCho

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Abstract

Aerobic fitness has frequently been associated with better health. This is surprising since aerobic fitness has seldom been measured in epidemiological studies of exercise and health. This paper summarizes the scientific rationale and reviews the critical findings of various foreign researchers in the area of aerobic fitness measurement as a health-related physical fitness. Aerobic fitness refers to the ability of the whole body to sustain prolonged, rhythmical exercise. The great interest over the last several decades in the importance of aerobic fitness form a series of articles which report that endurance exercise performance is highly correlated to maximal oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake at which systematic changes in lactate and/or respiratory gas exchange measurements occur as result of an elevated metabolic acidosis. In recent years, accumulative epidemiological research results suggest that low levels of aerobic fitness are associated with increased risk of such chronic diseases as coronary artery disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and several forms of cancer. Therefore, from both human performance and health status perspectives, the importance of assessing aerobic fitness is very clear. However, direct measurement of aerobic fitness requires considerable expense in terms of high-quality equipment and well-trained exercise testing personnel. Close approximation of aerobic fitness using standardized exercise testing protocols also requires specialized equipment and trained personnel. Therefore, various combinations of critical factors that may be predictive of aerobic fitness have been used to accurately assess VO₂max and VO_2AT.

Key Words

aerobic fitness, health-related physical fitness, aging

최혜진HeaGinChoi , 조정호JungHoCho , 김민정MinJoungKim , 김소연SeoYeunKim , 신말연MalRyunShin , 오기숙KiSookOh , 이지현JiHyunLee , 이숭범SungBumLee

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between percent body fat, and physical factors as well as health-related fitness factors in college females. 527 college females(age(yrs) = 20.4 ± 2.3, height(cm) = 161.3 ± 4.97, weight(kg) = 55.0 ± 7.4, Body Mass Index(BMI, kg/㎡) = 21.3 ± 3.1) who were randomly selected participated in this study, and percent body fat, height, weight, Body Mass Index(BMI), and total body water by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (TANITA TBF-202) were utilized to measure. Back strength was measured by means of back strength equipment(TAKEI, T.K.K. 5103, JAPAN). Sit-ups was measured for 1 minute. Trunk flextion was measured by means of trunk flexion equipment(TAKEI, T.K.K. 5103, JAPAN). Physical Efficiency Index(PEI) was also measured by using Harvard Step-Test. Analysis of Multiple Correlation and Analysis of Multiple Lieaner Regression were used. In conclusion, this result demonstrate that percent body fat was significant related with BMI, weight, height, and total body water in college females(P＜0.05).

Key Words

health-related fitness, percent body fat, body mass index

오광진KwangJinOh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes of college students participating in general physical education classes toward inclusive PE. Subjects for this study were college students participating in general physical education classes in H college which was built for inclusion education. The samples included 204 college students (students without disabilities = 116, students with disabilities = 88). The questionnaire concerning attitudes toward inclusive physical education was developed by Oh Kwang-Jin (2001) which consisted of 6 factors, 26-items, and 12 of socio-demographics variables. ANCOVAs were used for data analysis, and the reliability was confirmed by Cronbach`s a value. Cronbach`s a value was .7652. The results showed that: First, disabilities or non-disabilities had significant effects on attitudes toward inclusive physical education. Second, experiences of inclusive education didn`t have significant effects on attitudes toward inclusive physical education. Third, experiences of inclusive education had significant effects on attitudes toward inclusive physical education. Fourth, experiences with friends with disabilities had significant effects on attitudes toward inclusive physical education. Fifth, understanding of persons with disabilities had significant effects on attitudes toward inclusive physical education. The results showed disabilities or non-disabilities, experiences of inclusive physical education, experiences with friends with disabilities, understanding of persons with disabilities related with attitudes toward inclusive physical education of college students, but experiences of inclusive education didn`t have a significant relationship.

Key Words

Attitude, inclusion, physical education, general education

서화율HwaYoulSeo , 양점홍JumHongYang , 박평문PyungMoonPark

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to analyzed the effects of step aerobics on the physique and health-related fitness in the middle school girls by classified Sasang Constitution Classification. The Sasang Constitution was classified by QSCCⅡ and Sasang Pattern Identification Questionnaire and then confirmed by expert of this field, who was oriental medical doctor, attending to D oriental medical center in Busan. The subjects were Soyang-in 10, Soeum-in 10, Taeum-in 10, respectively total 30 middle school girls. Step Aerobics program performed 45min/day, 3day/week, during 12weeks with a RPE11∼15. The result was as follows; 1. The height was higher significantly than before exercise in Soeum-in, body weight was higher than that of the pretest values in the girl with Soyang-in, Soeum-in, and Taeeum-in, respectively but there was no significant. 2. The sit-ups, sit-and-reach test’s values were significantly improved than pretest, and %fat was decreased significantly in the subjects with Soeum-in and Taeum-in. Otherwise, BMI and LBM were slightly higher than pre exercise but there was no significant.

Key Words

Step aerobics, physique, health-related fitness, sasang constitution

오덕자DeukJaOh

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between majoring dance in adolescence girls’ bone mineral density. The comparing groups were general women middle, high school and college’s 85 girl students not majoring dance. The subjects were 82 majoring korean dance, 86 majoring ballet, 57 majoring modern dance who were attending art school aged 13-21 in B city. The bone mineral density of L1-L4, LT, femoral neck, trochanter, Ward’s triangle was measured by DEXA, and was dealed with ANCOVA that covariate was weight and age. To verify this treatment, it was analysed by Bonferroni method to LSMEAN. Physical characteristics(height, weight, age, FM, PBF) was measured by InBody 2.0 and analysed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient to have a knowledge how to relate between bone mineral density and physical characteristics. The results were as follows: 1. In the bone mineral density of L1-L4, LT, modern dance group was higher meaningfully than the ballet and the Korean dance and the comparing group. Ballet group was higher meaningfully than the comparing one. Although the Korean dance group has no meaningful difference from the comparing group, the bone mineral density was higher than the comparing group. 2. In the bone mineral density of femoral neck, trochanter, Ward’s triangle, all the dance groups were higher meaningfully than the comparing group. Also among the dance groups, there were meaningful differences in the order of modern dance＞ballet＞ Korean dance. 3. In the relative relation between bone mineral density and weight, four groups relate to L1-L4, LT, femoral neck, trochanter, Ward’s triangle. The age related to only the parts of L1-L4, LT in the comparing group, Korean dance group, ballet group. The result of proceeding had a little difference, so did this study. However, conclusionally the bone density of dance groups was higher than the comparing group. Also among the dance groups there were a little differences. Accordingly, the regular dance activity of adolescent girls who have an active bone metabolism was a very useful form to increase the bone density, and it helped their health increase which directly relates to hygiene education by inspiring the recognition of girls’ bone health.

Key Words

Bone mineral density, iumbar, femoral neck, trochanter, ward’s triangle